November 7, 2023 NHTSA CAMPAIGN NUMBER: 23E086000
ADS Software May Improperly Respond After a Crash
Additional vehicle movement can increase the risk of injury or cause another crash.
NHTSA Campaign Number: 23E086
Manufacturer Cruise LLC
Components ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
Potential Number of Units Affected 950
Summary
Cruise LLC (Cruise) is recalling a subsystem within the Automated Driving Systems (ADS). The Collision Detection Subsystem may improperly cause the vehicle to attempt to move to the side of the road after a crash.
Remedy
Cruise has deployed an over-the-air (OTA) ADS software update in all supervised test fleet vehicles, free of charge. All affected driverless fleet vehicles will also be repaired prior to returning to service. Cruise’s number for this recall is 23-02.
Notes
Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Equipment Recall Report
(Section 573.6)
Manufacturer Name: Cruise LLC
Submission Date: November 2, 2023
NHTSA Recall No: ___________
Manufacturer Recall No: 23-02
Manufacturer Information
Manufacturer Name: Cruise LLC
Address: 333 Brannan St., San Francisco, CA 94107
Company phone: 415-335-4097
Population
Number of potentially involved: 950
Estimated percentage with defect: 100%
Equipment Information
Brand/Trade 1: Cruise LLC
Model: Collision detection subsystem in Cruise driverless software (“Collision Detection Subsystem”).
Part No: Collision detection subsystem in Cruise driverless software (“Collision Detection Subsystem”).
Size: N/A
Function: N/A
Descriptive Information: The subject population includes driverless Cruise Automated Driving Systems (“ADS”) software with the Collision Detection Subsystem. This totaled 950 ADS units, determined through a review of software release records.
Production Dates:
Begin: October 26, 2021
End: October 26, 2023
Description of the Defect
Description of the Defect: The Cruise ADS is designed to perform a maneuver to minimize safety risks and other disruption to the extent possible after a collision. Within the ADS, the Collision Detection Subsystem is responsible for detecting the collision and electing a post-collision response. In many cases, the AV will pull over out of traffic. In other cases, it will stop and remain stationary. The specific post-collision response depends on the characteristics of the collision, such as the other road actors involved in the incident, the location of impact (e.g., frontal or side), and the perceived severity.
In certain circumstances, a collision may occur, after which the Collision Detection
Subsystem may cause the Cruise AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic instead of
remaining stationary when a pullover is not the desired post-collision response. This issue could occur after a collision with a pedestrian positioned low on the ground in the path of the AV.
This issue played a role in determining the Cruise AV’s response to a collision on
October 2, 2023. In the incident, a human-driven vehicle traveling adjacent to a Cruise AV collided with a pedestrian, propelling the pedestrian across their vehicle and onto the ground in the immediate path of the AV. The AV biased rightward and braked aggressively but still made contact with the pedestrian. The Cruise ADS inaccurately characterized the collision as a lateral collision and commanded the AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic, pulling the individual forward, rather than remaining stationary.
Description of the Safety Risk: In certain circumstances, a collision may occur, after which the Collision Detection Subsystem may cause the Cruise AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic instead of remaining stationary when a pullover is not the desired post-collision response. This post-collision response could increase risk of injury. On October 26, 2023, Cruise proactively paused operation of its driverless fleet providing the company time to further assess and address the underlying risk.
Chronology:
On October 2, 2023, a Cruise AV, operating in driverless mode, was involved in a collision in which a human-driven vehicle collided with a pedestrian and propelled the pedestrian into the immediate path of the Cruise AV. After coming to an initial stop, the AV attempted to pull over out of traffic, pulling the individual forward. Cruise immediately began an investigation of the incident.
On October 3, 2023, Cruise met with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), and other San
Francisco officials to discuss the incident, and it provided a briefing to the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”). Cruise also reported the incident to NHTSA that same day, in accordance with NHTSA’s Standing General Order.
In the course of its investigation of the incident, Cruise determined that the ADS attempted to pull over after the collision, rather than remain stationary, as a result of the issue described in this notice.
Cruise continued its evaluation of the AV’s post-collision response to ascertain whether and under what circumstances the issue could recur by conducting a broad review of historical driving data and running extensive simulation tests to analyze the behavior of the ADS in comparable circumstances.
This review took approximately three weeks to complete due to the rarity of the circumstances being examined and the extensiveness of the review. On October 23, 2023, Cruise completed its review and immediately initiated an assessment of the safety risk associated with the findings.
On October 26, 2023, Cruise determined that a collision with a risk of serious injury could recur with the Collision Detection Subsystem every 10 million – 100 million miles of driving on average. These findings among other factors, including the recent decision by the California DMV and the desire to improve trust in the communities in which Cruise operates, led Cruise to pause operation of its driverless fleet.
On October 27, 2023, Cruise met with the NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation (“ODI”) to provide additional information on Cruise’s decision to pause driverless operations, including its new risk analysis. Cruise also informed ODI that it was assessing whether a voluntary recall would be appropriate and that it would notify NHTSA of that decision by Thursday, November 2, 2023.
Cruise subsequently decided to submit this voluntary recall report in an abundance of caution and in hopes of adding transparency to the public’s understanding of this singular incident.
Description of the Remedy
Description of the remedy program: Cruise has developed a software update that remedies the issue described in this notice. With the new update, the Cruise AV would have remained stationary during the October 2 incident. Cruise has deployed the remedy to its supervised test fleet, which remains in operation. Cruise will deploy the remedy to its driverless fleet prior to resuming driverless operations.
How remedy component differs from recalled components: The remedy is an update to the Collision Detection Subsystem.
Identify how/when recall condition was corrected in production: Cruise has deployed the remedy to its supervised test fleet and will deploy the remedy to its driverless fleet prior to resuming driverless operations.
Recall Schedule
Description of the Recall Schedule: Cruise AVs have never been offered for sale to third parties and are solely owned by Cruise or GM. As such, there are no owners or dealers to notify under 49 C.F.R. Parts 573 or 577 and part 577 is therefore inapplicable.
Planned Dealer Notification Date: N/A
Planned Owner Notification Date: N/A
Purchaser Information
Name: N/A
Address: N/A
Country: N/A
Company Phone: N/A
1 Affected Product
Equipment
| BRAND | PART NO. | PRODUCTION DATES |
| CRUISE LLC | ADS SOFTWARE | |
3 Associated Documents
Defect Notice 573 Report
RCLRPT-23E086-7725.PDF 215.765KB
Miscellaneous Document – Equipment Recall Report
RMISC-23E086-4326.pdf 68.017KB
Recall Acknowledgement
RCAK-23E086-2166.pdf 683.619KB
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OMB Control No.: 2127-0004 Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23E-086 The information contained in this report was submitted pursuant to 49 CFR §573 Manufacturer Name : Cruise LLC Submission Date : NOV 07, 2023 NHTSA Recall No. : 23E-086 Manufacturer Recall No. : 23-02 Manufacturer Information : Manufacturer Name : Cruise LLC Address : 333 Brannan San Francisco CA 94107 Company phone : 415-335-4097 Population : Number of potentially involved : 950 Estimated percentage with defect : 100 % Equipment Information : Brand / Trade 1 : Cruise LLC Model : Collision detection subsystem in Cruise driverless software (“Collision Detection Subsystem”). Part No. : N/A Size : N/A Function : N/A Descriptive Information : The subject population includes driverless Cruise Automated Driving Systems (“ADS”) software with the Collision Detection Subsystem. This totaled 950 ADS units, determined through a review of software release records. Production Dates : OCT 26, 2021 – OCT 26, 2023 Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23E-086 Page 2 The information contained in this report was submitted pursuant to 49 CFR §573 Description of Defect : Description of the Defect : The Cruise ADS is designed to perform a maneuver to minimize safety risks and other disruption to the extent possible after a collision. Within the ADS, the Collision Detection Subsystem is responsible for detecting the collision and electing a post-collision response. In many cases, the AV will pull over out of traffic. In other cases, it will stop and remain stationary. The specific post-collision response depends on the characteristics of the collision, such as the other road actors involved in the incident, the location of impact (e.g., frontal or side), and the perceived severity. In certain circumstances, a collision may occur, after which the Collision Detection Subsystem may cause the Cruise AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic instead of remaining stationary when a pullover is not the desired post-collision response. This issue could occur after a collision with a pedestrian positioned low on the ground in the path of the AV. This issue played a role in determining the Cruise AV’s response to a collision on October 2, 2023. In the incident, a human-driven vehicle traveling adjacent to a Cruise AV collided with a pedestrian, propelling the pedestrian across their vehicle and onto the ground in the immediate path of the AV. The AV biased rightward and braked aggressively but still made contact with the pedestrian. The Cruise ADS inaccurately characterized the collision as a lateral collision and commanded the AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic, pulling the individual forward, rather than remaining stationary. FMVSS 1 : NR FMVSS 2 : NR Description of the Safety Risk : In certain circumstances, a collision may occur, after which the Collision Detection Subsystem may cause the Cruise AV to attempt to pull over out of traffic instead of remaining stationary when a pullover is not the desired post-collision response. This post-collision response could increase risk of injury. On October 26, 2023, Cruise proactively paused operation of its driverless fleet providing the company time to further assess and address the underlying risk. Description of the Cause : NR Identification of Any Warning that can Occur : NR Involved Components : Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23E-086 Page 3 The information contained in this report was submitted pursuant to 49 CFR §573 Component Name : Collision Detection Subsystem Component Description : Collision detection subsystem in Cruise driverless software. Component Part Number : Collision Detection Subsystem Supplier Identification : Component Manufacturer Name : Cruise LLC Address : 333 Brannan Street San Francisco California 94107 Country : United States Chronology : On October 2, 2023, a Cruise AV, operating in driverless mode, was involved in a collision in which a human-driven vehicle collided with a pedestrian and propelled the pedestrian into the immediate path of the Cruise AV. After coming to an initial stop, the AV attempted to pull over out of traffic, pulling the individual forward. Cruise immediately began an investigation of the incident. On October 3, 2023, Cruise met with the California Department of Motor Vehicles (“DMV”), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”), and other San Francisco officials to discuss the incident, and it provided a briefing to the California Public Utilities Commission (“CPUC”). Cruise also reported the incident to NHTSA that same day, in accordance with NHTSA’s Standing General Order. In the course of its investigation of the incident, Cruise determined that the ADS attempted to pull over after the collision, rather than remain stationary, as a result of the issue described in this notice. Cruise continued its evaluation of the AV’s post-collision response to ascertain whether and under what circumstances the issue could recur by conducting a broad review of historical driving data and running extensive simulation tests to analyze the behavior of the ADS in comparable circumstances. This review took approximately three weeks to complete due to the rarity of the circumstances being examined and the extensiveness of the review. On October 23, 2023, Cruise completed its review and immediately initiated an assessment of the safety risk associated with the findings. [continued on attached report] Part 573 Safety Recall Report 23E-086 Page 4 The information contained in this report was submitted pursuant to 49 CFR §573 Description of Remedy : Description of Remedy Program : Cruise has developed a software update that remedies the issue described in this notice. With the new update, the Cruise AV would have remained stationary during the October 2 incident. Cruise has deployed the remedy to its supervised test fleet, which remains in operation. Cruise will deploy the remedy to its driverless fleet prior to resuming driverless operations. How Remedy Component Differs from Recalled Component : The remedy is an update to the Collision Detection Subsystem. Identify How/When Recall Condition was Corrected in Production : Cruise has deployed the remedy to its supervised test fleet and will deploy the remedy to its driverless fleet prior to resuming driverless operations. Recall Schedule : Description of Recall Schedule : Cruise AVs have never been offered for sale to third parties and are solely owned by Cruise or GM. As such, there are no owners or dealers to notify under 49 C.F.R. Parts 573 or 577 and part 577 is therefore inapplicable. Planned Dealer Notification Date : NR – NR Planned Owner Notification Date : NR – NR Purchaser Information : The following manufacturers purchased this defective/noncompliant equipment for possible use or installation in new motor vehicles or new items of motor vehicle equipment: Name : NR Address : NR NR Country : NR Company Phone : NR * NR – Not Reported
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